related by kinship

1) bound, obliged (ef þér veitit mér þat, þá verð ek s. til at gøra yðvarn vilja);

2) due (veita konungi skylda þjónustu);

3) urgent, pressing (skylt erendi); mér er skylt, it’s my bounden duty (þat mun konungi skylt þykkja, at ek fara);

4) related; s. at frændsemi, related by kinship; mér er maðrinn s., the man is near akin to me; skyld frændsemi, near kinship.

* * *

adj., compar. skyldri, skylztr, but usually skyldari, skyldastr, see below:—due bounden, obligatory, skyldr þjónustumaðr e-s, Edda 28; vera s. undir stjórn e-s, Sks. 270 B; sá er skylztr at færa lik hans til kirkiu, Grág. i. 192; þú mant þykkja skyldastr at bæta fyrir konu þína, Nj. 76, Fs. 36; vera s. til at göra e-t, Eg. 225; or, s. við at göra e-t, N. G. L. i. 352; skyldr e-s, Fms. ix. 23: of an action, due; veita konungi skylda þjónustu, 432; skylt tal, a due, proper talk, Sks. 12; ú-skylt tal, uncalled-for, out of the way talk:—pressing, urgent, skyld nauðsyn, Gþl. 266, skylt erendi, Eg. 29, Ld. 176; mitt erindi þykki mér skyldast, Fms. vi. 205: of debt, due, owing; vera e-m skyldr um e-t, to owe to another.

2. neut. due, bounden, necessary; enda er eigi skylt þá ( one is not bound) at beiða á fleiri skip, Grág. i. 90; þat mun konungi skylt þykkja, at ek fara, Eg. 10; skyldra ætla ek mér at ganga til messunnar, en á hirðstefnuna, Fms. ix. 426; er þér ok skyldra, at sækja …, Nj. 182; þat er rétt en eigi skylt, ‘tis right, but not obligatory, Grág. i. 373; ef ek upp sem mér þykkir skyldast, Fms. vii. 146.

II. related; skyldr frændi, a near kinsman, Eg. 98, Fms. vii. 281, x. 32; s. at frændsemi, related by kinship; þeir er Kjartani eru skyldari at frændsemi en ek, Ld. 242: absol., leaving out ‘frændsemi,’ mér er maðrinn skyldr, the man is near akin to me, Nj. 51; s. drottningunni, Sks. 463; at hann viti eigi skyldari samhéraðs, … ef sá maðr finnsk er skyldri er, Grág. i. 246; hinn skyldasti maðr, the nearest kinsman, 339; bónda þeim er skylztr er, 154, freq. in mod. usage: skyld frændsemi, near kinship, Fms. vii. 64; er þá frændsemi ef þriðja bræðra er eðr skyldara, kinship is from third cousinship upwards. Grág. i. 246; ó-skyldr, not related.

relationship, kindred, kinship; (перен.) alliance; propinquity

1) ( родственные отношения между людьми) relationship, kindred, kinship

2) (сходство, близость) affinity, similarity, likeness, resemblance

••

οἰκεῖος, (α,) ον (οἶκος; Hes., Hdt. +) lit. ‘belonging to the house’; in our lit. only subst. οἱ οἰκ. persons who are related by kinship or circumstances and form a closely knit group, members of a household.

ⓐ with focus on normal familial connections or association in common cause (Jos., Vi. 183), of all the members of a household MPol 6:2. οἱ οἰκ. τοῦ σπέρματός σου your blood relatives 3:3 (Is 58:7). W. ἴδιοι of members of one’s family (schol. on Pla. 20e λέγονται οἰκεῖοι καὶ οἱ συγγενεῖς) 1 Ti 5:8 (Diod S 5, 18, 1; Appian, Hann. 28 §118; SIG 317, 38; 560, 21; 591, 59 φίλοι καὶ οἰκεῖοι; TestReub 3:5 γένος κ. οἰκεῖοι).

ⓑ with focus on association in common cause or belief (w. συμπολῖται τῶν ἁγίων) οἰκ. τοῦ θεοῦ members of God’s household (cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 32 τοῦ θεοφιλοῦς ἀνδρὸς ἡ πρὸς τ. θεὸν οἰκειότης) of the Christians Eph 2:19. οἱ οἰκ. τῆς πίστεως those who belong to the household of faith Gal 6:10 (cp. Polyb. 5, 87, 3 οἰκ. τῆς ἡσυχίας; 4, 57, 4; 14, 9, 5; Diod S 13, 91, 4; 19, 70, 3 οἰκ. τυραννίδος; Strabo 17, 1, 5 οἰκ. σοφίας.—GWhitaker, Exp. 8th Ser. 23, 1921, 76ff).—S. on ἑταῖρος.—DELG s.v. οἶκος B. M-M.

1 relationship.

2 blood relationship, kindred, blood, parentage.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 kinship, relationship

■ ¿qué parentesco tenéis? how are you related?

* * *

* * *

SM relationship, kinship

* * *

masculino relationship

* * *

= kinship.

Nota: Véase ship para otras entradas acabadas con este sufijo.

Ex. For example, a textbook on 'Social anthropology' will contain information on a large number of concepts such as social structure, kinship, marriage, ritual, etc.

----

* parentesco consanguíneo = blood relationship, consanguinity.

* parentesco por consanguinidad = blood relationship, consanguinity.

* * *

masculino relationship

* * *

= kinship.

Nota: Véase ship para otras entradas acabadas con este sufijo.

* * *

relationship

¿qué relación de parentesco le unía al difunto? what was your relationship to the deceased?, what relation were you to the deceased?

no tengo parentesco directo con él I am not directly related to him

grados de parentesco degrees of relationship o kinship

un cierto parentesco de estilo a certain similarity of style

* * *

◊ tener parentesco con algn to be related to sb

* * *

parentesco nm

1. [entre personas] relationship;

les une una relación de parentesco they are related to one another;

parentesco lejano/cercano distant/close relationship

2. [entre cosas] tie, bond;

existe un claro parentesco entre ambas propuestas the two proposals are clearly related

* * *

m relationship

* * *

parentesco nm

: relationship, kinship

* * *

parentesco n relationship

f

1. relationship; geistige etc.: affinity; geistige oder seelische oder innere Verwandtschaft auch meeting of minds

2. (die Verwandten) relations Pl.; die ganze Verwandtschaft umg. the whole clan; die gesamte Verwandtschaft einladen invite the entire family; wir haben morgen die liebe Verwandtschaft zum Mittagessen iro. our dear relations are coming to lunch tomorrow

* * *

(Personen) kindred; kinsfolk;

(Verhältnis) kinship; relation; relationship; affinity; relatedness; kindred

* * *

f -, -en

* * *

1) (the state of being related by birth or because of marriage.) relationship

2) (persons of the same family; one's relations.) kin

3) (one's relations.) kinsfolk

4) (one's relatives.) kindred

* * *

1. (die Verwandten) relations pl, relatives pl, kinship

▪ jds \Verwandtschaft sb's relations [or relatives]

\Verwandtschaft in gerader Linie JUR relations pl by lineal descent

\Verwandtschaft in Seitenlinie JUR collateral relatives [or relations] pl

die nähere \Verwandtschaft close relatives pl

zu jds \Verwandtschaft gehören to be a relative of sb's

2. (gemeinsamer Ursprung) affinity; Sprachen cognation no pl spec ( mit + dat with)

* * *

1) relationship ( mit to); (fig.): (Ähnlichkeit) affinity

2) o. Pl. (Verwandte) relatives pl.; relations pl.

* * *

Verwandtschaft f

1. relationship; geistige etc: affinity;

geistige oder

seelische oder

innere Verwandtschaft auch meeting of minds

2. (die Verwandten) relations pl;

die ganze Verwandtschaft umg the whole clan;

die gesamte Verwandtschaft einladen invite the entire family;

wir haben morgen die liebe Verwandtschaft zum Mittagessen iron our dear relations are coming to lunch tomorrow

* * *

1) relationship ( mit to); (fig.): (Ähnlichkeit) affinity

2) o. Pl. (Verwandte) relatives pl.; relations pl.

* * *

affinity n.

kindred n.

kinsfolk n.

kinship n.

relatedness n.

relations n.pl.

relationship n.

1. related, kindred (на to); near of kin

родствени връзки ties of relationship, kinship ties

2. (близък) kindred, allied, related

* * *

ро̀дствен,

1. related, kindred (на to); near of kin; consanguineous, consanguine; \родствени връзки ties of relationship, kinship ties;

2. ( близък) kindred, allied, related; cognate.

* * *

related; cognate{`kOgneit}; connate; consanguine

* * *

parenté [paʀɑ̃te]

( = rapport) relationship

* * *

1) ( rapport) ( entre personnes) blood relationship; (entre projets, histoires) connection

2) ( parents et alliés) relations (pl)

* * *

1) (= lien) relationship, kinship

2) (= personnes) kin pl relatives pl relations pl

* * *

parenté nf

1 ( rapport) ( entre personnes) blood relationship; (entre projets, histoires) connection; l'importance des liens de parenté the importance of family ties; il n'y a pas de lien de parenté entre eux they are not related;

2 ( parents et alliés) relations (pl).

[parɑ̃te] nom féminin

1. [lien familial] relationship, kinship

2. [ressemblance] relationship, connection

3. [famille] family

4. LINGUISTIQUE relatedness

f relationship

parenti relatives, relations

* * *

parentela s.f.

1 ( vincolo di consanguineità) relationship, kinship: grado di parentela, degree of kindred; parentela in linea retta, relationship in a direct line; parentela collaterale, collateral relationship; vincolo di parentela, family tie; c'è una stretta parentela tra di loro, they are closely related; vanta una parentela che non esiste, he claims a relationship which does not exist // parentela naturale, ( per consanguineità) kinship; parentela civile, ( per matrimonio) relationship acquired by marriage // la parentela fra le lingue indoeuropee, (fig.) the interrelationship of Indo-European languages

2 ( insieme dei parenti) relations (pl.); relatives (pl.); kith and kin (pl.); kin (pl.), kinsfolk (pl.); (form.) kindred (pl.): la maggior parte della mia parentela verrà al mio matrimonio, most of my relatives will come to my wedding

3 ( relazione) relationship.

* * *

sostantivo femminile

1) (consanguineità) family ties pl., kindred, kinship

2) fig. (legame) tie

3) (parentado) kindred U, kinsfolk + verbo pl., relatives pl.

* * *

parentela

/paren'tεla/

sostantivo f.

 1 (consanguineità) family ties pl., kindred, kinship; grado di parentela degree of kinship; legami di parentela family relationships

 2 fig. (legame) tie

 3 (parentado) kindred U, kinsfolk + verbo pl., relatives pl.

- pokrewieństwo między nimi jest odległe they are distantly related

- jakie jest między nimi pokrewieństwo? how are they related?

- więzy pokrewieństwa blood ties

- pokrewieństwo w linii prostej lineal relationship

- pokrewieństwo po ojcu a. ze strony ojca a relationship on one’s father’s side; an agnatic relationship spec.

- legalne pokrewieństwo relationship by marriage

- bliskie pokrewieństwo konia z osłem a. między koniem a osłem the close kinship of the ass and the horse

- pokrewieństwo poglądów/upodobań/charakterów a similarity of views/predilections/character

- można między nimi znaleźć wiele pokrewieństw one can find many similarities between them

( między ludźmi) kinship; (przen: podobieństwo) affinity; BIO, ZOOL affinity

* * *

1. (= więzi krwi) kinship, kindred, relation; jest między nami bliskie/dalekie pokrewieństwo we are closely/distantly related; więzy pokrewieństwa ties of kinship.

2. ( języków) cognateness.

3. chem., biol. affinity; pokrewieństwo skał geol. consanguinity.

4. (= podobieństwo) affinity.

iz.

a. kinship; ezkon-\ahaidetasun kinship by marriage

b. \ahaidetasun maila degreeof kinship

2. affinity; euskarak ez du gaztelaniarekin \ahaidetasunik Basque {has no affinity to Spanish || is not related to Spanish}

1 relation, association, relationship, connection.

2 relation, treatment, intercourse, dealing.

3 acquaintance, relation.

4 account, recitation, narration, recital.

5 report, recountal.

6 friendship.

7 relative, member of the family, relation.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (correspondencia) relation, relationship

■ una relación amistosa a friendship, a friendly relationship

2 (conexión) link, connection

3 (lista) list, record

4 (relato) account, telling

5 (en matemática) ratio

► nombre femenino plural relaciones

1 (conocidos) acquaintances; (contactos) contacts, connections

\

con relación a / en relación a with regard to, regarding

estar en buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with somebody

estar en relación con alguien to be in contact with somebody

hacer relación a algo to refer to something

tener buenas relaciones to be well connected

tener relaciones con alguien (salir) to go out with somebody

relación de compresión TÉCNICA compression ratio

relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations

relaciones públicas public relations

■ es el relaciones públicas de Enya he's Enya's PR man

relaciones sexuales sexual relations

* * *

1) relation

2) relationship

3) account

4) connection

5) liaison

•

- relaciones públicas

* * *

1) (=vínculo) connection

2)

3) (=entre personas)

a) [en el momento presente] relations pl

b) [de larga duración] relationship

4) [con empresa, organización] connection

5) (tb: relación amorosa) relationship

6) (tb: relación sexual) (=acto) sex; (=trato) sexual relationship

7) (=referencia)

8) pl relaciones (=personas conocidas) acquaintances; (=enchufes) contacts, connections

9) (Mat) (=proporción) ratio

10) frm (=narración) account

11) (=lista) list

12) (Jur) (=informe) record, (official) return

* * *

1)

a) ( conexión) connection

b) ( correspondencia)

2)

a) ( trato)

b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)

- relaciones públicas

3)

a) ( exposición) account

b) ( lista) list

* * *

= association, chaining, connection [connexion], connectivity, dealing, interaction, interplay, involvement, link, ratio, relation, relationship, relationship link, relatedness, alliance, liaison, exposure, tie, tie-up.

Ex. It is possible and convenient to select a viewpoint on the scope, associations and labels for subjects which coincides with the way in which subjects are handled in the literature.

Ex. The information seeking patterns of a variety of academic social scientists were broken down into 6 characteristics: starting; chaining; browsing; differentiating; monitoring; and extracting.

Ex. Access is via modified television set, a telephone (and its connections) and a simple keypad.

Ex. An information system architecture defines a structure for describing communications connectivity between users of information and sources of information.

Ex. The most serious problem for librarians in their dealings with media materials is the massive multiplication of formats, making it difficult for librarians to decide what to buy in what format.

Ex. One trend for the future is likely to be the development of hosts which are designed for interaction with the end user.

Ex. In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.

Ex. Clearly, anyone having any dealings at all with the CAP needs a general understanding of how the system works, at a level which is appropriate to their involvement.

Ex. Explanatory references give a little more explanation as to why the link between two names is being made in the catalogue or index.

Ex. The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.

Ex. The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.

Ex. Related works are separately catalogued works that have a relationship to another work.

Ex. The bibliographic record for the volume is also a monographic record, but with a series entry and a relationship link to the bibliographic record for the series as a whole.

Ex. The frequency of co-occurrence of articles from different subfields in selected periodicals is used for measuring the degree of relatedness between these subfields.

Ex. This type of alliance is already evident in countries like Thailand, where library science students and educators have been actively involved in writing and illustrating children's books.

Ex. It is important to make sure that there is close liaison between the cataloguing department and the order department, otherwise cards are liable to be ordered twice or in insufficient quantity to meet the total demand.

Ex. This article also examines the need for exposure to AI by all students in order to become familiar with capabilities and limitations of AI-based systems.

Ex. Eastern European countries longing for western scientific ties have wanted to participate in the Internet for a long time, but were excluded by government regulations.

Ex. The report of findings may consist simply of a few pages, or be a trends and proposals report, or may suggest tie-ups with other groups.

----

* beneficios en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).

* bloque funcional de relaciones entre registros = linking entry block.

* buena relación calidad-precio = value for money.

* buscar el origen de la relación entre = trace + the relationship between.

* campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.

* campo de relación = linking field.

* con relación a = as regards, re, in relation to, in connection with, regarding, concerning.

* crear relaciones = structure + relationships.

* definir relaciones = structure + relationships.

* de segunda importancia en relación con = secondary to.

* diagrama de relaciones = relationship display.

* encargado de relaciones públicas = public liaison.

* en relación a = as for.

* en relación con = in association with, in conjunction with, in connection with, in relation to, in respect of, in terms of, in the way of, relating to, relative to, vis à vis, with reference to, with regard(s) to, apropos of, as it relates to, in the context of, on the matter of, re, regarding, apropos to, in reference to, concerning, in keeping with.

* en relación proporcional con = in proportion to.

* entablar relaciones = enter into + relations, enter into + relationships, build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations.

* entablar relaciones comerciales = transact.

* entablar relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.

* establecer relaciones = build + relationships, develop + relationships, develop + relations, build + relations, structure + relationships.

* establecer relaciones con = forge + links with, forge + relationships with, forge + ties.

* estrechar la relación = strengthen + links.

* estropear una relación = poison + a relationship.

* fortalecer la relación = strengthen + links.

* ganancias en relación con la inversión = return on investment (ROI).

* grado de relación = relatedness measure.

* guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.

* guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.

* guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.

* hacer una relación de = list.

* indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mejor relación calidad-precio, la = best value for money, the.

* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.

* no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.

* número de relación = linking number.

* operador de relación = link, relational operator, linking device.

* persona encargada de las relaciones públicas = PR man [PR men, -pl.].

* poner en relación = bring into + relationship.

* que guarde relación con = in keeping with.

* relación "es un tipo de" = is-a relationship.

* relación afín = affinitive relationship.

* relación amorosa = love affair.

* relación ascendente = upward reference.

* relación asociativa = associative relation, collateral link, collateral reference.

* relación calidad-precio = price-performance ratio.

* relación causa-efecto = cause-effect relation, causal relationship.

* relación clase-tipo = type-token ratio.

* relación comparativa = comparative relation.

* relación consecutiva = consecutive relation.

* relación contractual = contractual relationship.

* relación coordinada = coordinate relation.

* relación costes-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.

* relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit ratio.

* relación de aplicación = bias relation.

* relación de confianza = trusting relationship.

* relación de contenido = contents notes.

* relación de equivalencia = equivalence relationship.

* relación de inclusión = part-whole relation.

* relación de poder = power relationship.

* relación de preferencia = preferential relation, preferential relationship.

* relación descendente = downward reference.

* relación de trabajo = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.

* relación directa = direct relationship, linear relationship, linear relation.

* relación directamente proporcional significativa = significant direct relationship.

* relación directa significativa = significant direct relationship.

* relación entre compañeros = peer interaction.

* relación entre cuasisinónimos = near-synonymous relationship.

* relaciones = intercourse.

* relaciones comerciales = business dealings, commercial relations, trade relations.

* relaciones de género = gender relations.

* relaciones de poder = power relations.

* relaciones diplomáticas = diplomatic relations.

* relaciones entre hombres y mujeres = gender relations.

* relaciones humanas = human relations, human relationships.

* relaciones industriales = industrial relations.

* relaciones jerárquicas = role relationships.

* relaciones laborales = labour relations, employment relations.

* relación específica = downward reference.

* relaciones prematrimoniales = premarital sex.

* relaciones públicas = public relations (PR), PR activities, public relations exercise, public liaison.

* relaciones sexuales = sexual intercourse, intercourse.

* relaciones sexuales promiscuas = casual sex(ual) encounters, casual sex.

* relaciones sociales = social relations.

* relación estrecha = close contact.

* relación formal = formal relation.

* relación genérica = generic relation, generic relationship, upwards link, upward reference.

* relación género/especie = genus/species relationship.

* relación internacional = international relation.

* relación interracial = interracial relationship.

* relación inversa = inverse relationship.

* relación inversamente proporcional significativa = inverse relationship, significant inverse relationship.

* relación inversa significativa = significant inverse relationship.

* relación jerárquica = hierarchical relation, hierarchical relationship.

* relación laboral = working relation, working relationship, work relationship, work relation.

* relación negativa = negative relationship.

* relación parte-todo = whole/part relationship, whole-part relationship.

* relación positiva = positive relationship.

* relación semántica = semantic relation, semantic relationship.

* relación sexual = sexual relationship.

* relación sexual sin protección = unprotected sex.

* relación simbiótica = symbiotic relationship.

* relación sintáctica = syntactic relation, syntactic relationship, syntactical relationship.

* relativo a la relación costos-beneficios = cost-benefit, cost-benefit.

* romper una relación = break off + relationship, sever + connection.

* sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.

* sin relación con = unrelated to.

* sociología de las relaciones industriales = industrial sociology, sociology of industrial relations.

* tener relación con = have + bearing on.

* tener relaciones amorosas = have + an affair.

* tener relaciones con = have + dealings with.

* tener relaciones sexuales con = have + intercourse with.

* * *

1)

a) ( conexión) connection

b) ( correspondencia)

2)

a) ( trato)

b) relaciones femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)

- relaciones públicas

3)

a) ( exposición) account

b) ( lista) list

* * *

* * *

1 (conexión) connection

esto no tiene or no guarda ninguna relación con los hechos this has no connection with o bears no relation to the facts

existe una relación entre los dos sucesos there is a connection o link between the two events

con relación a or en relación con (con respecto a) in connection with; (en comparación con) relative to

en relación con su carta de fecha … in connection with o with regard to your letter dated …

hubo un descenso con relación al año anterior there was a decrease relative to the previous year

(correspondencia): en una relación de diez a uno ( Mat) in a ratio of ten to one

tiene una excelente relación calidad-precio it is excellent value for money

una relación causa-efecto a relationship of cause and effect

equivalence relation

(trato): ha establecido una buena relación con él she has built up a good relationship with him

relaciones amistosas/sexuales friendly/sexual relations

relaciones prematrimoniales premarital sex

tuvo relaciones amorosas con una famosa actriz he had an affair with a famous actress

mantienen relaciones formales desde hace años they have been courting for years

siempre ha tenido muy buenas relaciones con su jefe she has always had o enjoyed a very good relationship with her boss

ahora estoy en buenas relaciones con él I'm on good terms with him now

relaciones comerciales trading o trade relations

han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations

es nulo en lo que respecta a las relaciones humanas he's hopeless when it comes to dealing with people o when it comes to the human side of things

las relaciones entre padres e hijos the relationship between parents and their children

2 relaciones fpl (influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl)

tiene buenas relaciones en la empresa he has some good contacts o connections in the company

fpl foreign affairs (pl)

A fpl (actividad) public relations (pl)

B masculine and feminine (persona) public relations officer ( o executive etc)

1 (exposición) account

hizo una detallada relación de los hechos she gave a detailed account of the facts

2 (lista) list

* * *

a) ( conexión) connection;

◊ en relación con su carta … with regard to o regarding your letter …

b) ( correspondencia):

◊ en una relación de diez a uno (Mat) in a ratio of ten to one;

a) ( entre personas) relationship;

◊ las relaciones entre padres e hijos the relationship between parents and their children;

◊ relaciones sustantivo femenino plural ( influencias) contacts (pl), connections (pl);

◊ relaciones exteriores foreign affairs;

◊ relaciones sexuales sexual relations

a) ( exposición) account

b) ( lista) list

* * *

♦ nf

1. [nexo] relation, connection;

con relación a, en relación con in relation to, with regard to;

no hay ninguna relación entre los dos secuestros the two kidnappings are unrelated o unconnected;

guardar relación con algo to be related to sth;

no guardar relación con algo to bear no relation to sth;

relación costo-beneficio o Esp coste-beneficio cost-benefit ratio

2. [comunicación, trato] relations, relationship;

mantener relaciones con alguien to keep in touch with sb;

tener o [m5] mantener buenas relaciones con alguien to be on good terms with sb

relaciones diplomáticas diplomatic relations;

han roto las relaciones diplomáticas they have broken off diplomatic relations;

relaciones internacionales international relations;

relaciones laborales industrial relations;

relación de pareja: [m5] los problemas de las relaciones de pareja relationship problems;

dice que no necesita de la relación de pareja she says she doesn't need to be in a relationship with anybody;

relaciones de parentesco kinship;

relaciones personales personal relationships;

relaciones públicas [actividad] public relations, PR

3. [lista] list

4. [descripción] account

5. [informe] report

6.

llevan cinco años de relaciones they've been going out together for five years;

un cursillo sobre las relaciones de pareja a course on being in a relationship;

relaciones prematrimoniales premarital sex;

mantener relaciones prematrimoniales to have premarital sex;

relaciones sexuales sexual relations

7.

tener buenas relaciones to be well connected

8. Mat ratio

♦ nmf inv

* * *

1 relationship;

la relación calidad-precio es muy buena it’s good value for money;

relación causa-efecto cause and effect relationship;

mantener relaciones (amorosas) con alguien have an affair with s.o.

2 ( conexión) relation;

no guardar relación con bear no relation to;

con o

en relación a with o in relation to

* * *

relación nf, pl - ciones

1) : relation, connection, relevance

2) : relationship

3) relato: account

4) lista: list

con relación a or

en relación con : in relation to, concerning

relacionespúblicas : public relations

* * *

relación n

1. (trato) relationship

2. (correspondencia, unión) connection

1) General subject: cognation (по материнской линии), consanguine, consanguinity, cosinage, kindred, proximity of blood, the nighness of blood

2) Biology: consanguineous related

3) Medicine: blood relationship, consanguineous relation, consanguity, sibship

4) Obsolete: sanguinity

5) Law: blood relation, cognation (по матери), full blood, kin, kind, natural cognation, natural relation, natural relationship, real kinship

6) Economy: propinquity

7) Business: kinship, relationship

8) Makarov: line of consanguinity

- był z nią w powinowactwie he was distantly related to her

- powinowactwo artystyczne artistic kinship

- powinowactwo umysłów mental affinity

- □ powinowactwo chemiczne Chem. affinity

iz.

1. ( eite)

a. appearance, likeness; zure \antza du he looks like you; ez du zure \antzik he doesn' t look like you; ez dute elkarren \antz handirik they don' t look very much alike; aurpegia belztuta, handituta, eta \antz\\\antz guztia galduta utzi zioten they left him with a face that was bruised, swollen, and unrecognizable

b. e-i \antza atera to copy | to imitate; i-en \antza eman to see a resemblance in sb; ba al dakizu noren \antz ematen diodan? do you know whoI can tell he looks like? ; i-en \antza hartu to take after; Garikoitzek aitonaren \antz hartzen dio Garikoitz takes after his grandfather; i-i \antz hartu to confuse sb with sb else; i-en \antz izan to look look sb; ez duzu zure aitaren \antzik you don' t look like your father; elkarren \antz handia dute they look a lot alike

c. (esa.) \antza denez apparently |evidently; \antza denez Garikoitz da apparently it' s Garikoitz; \antza bai that' s how it looks; ez eta \antzik ere not in the {slightest || least}; hara joateko gogorik? — ez eta \antzik ere feel like going there? \emdash hardly! | not in the slightest!; tibetarrek ez zuten gerlarien \antz handirik the Tibetans didn' t look very much like warriors; gezur \antza du it {looks like || seems to be} a lie

a. ( kutsua) taint; bekatuaren \antz guztiak kentzeko to remove all taint of sin

b. ( kidetasuna) affinity, kinship; \antzeko hizkuntza related language; \antz handiko hizkuntza closely related language

c. e-i \antz eman to recognize, know; abotsari \antz eman nion I recognized his voice; \antzik gabe different

a. shape; kaxa horren \antza the shape of that box

b. form; gizonaren \antzean agertu zen he appeared in the form of a man

c. image, figure

υἱός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘son’

① a male who is in a kinship relationship either biologically or by legal action, son, offspring, descendant

ⓐ the direct male issue of a person, son τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:21; GJs 14:2 (cp. Mel., P. 8, 53 ὡς γὰρ υἱὸς τεχθείς). Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14) and 25; 10:37 (w. θυγάτηρ); Mk 12:6a; Lk 1:13, 31, 57; 11:11; 15:11 (on this JEngel, Die Parabel v. Verlorenen Sohn: ThGl 18, 1926, 54–64; MFrost, The Prodigal Son: Exp. 9th ser., 2, 1924, 56–60; EBuonaiuti, Religio 11, ’35, 398–402); Ac 7:29; Ro 9:9 (cp. Gen 18:10); Gal 4:22 al. W. gen. Mt 7:9; 20:20f; 21:37ab; Mk 6:3; 9:17; Lk 3:2; 4:22; 15:19; J 9:19f; Ac 13:21; 16:1; 23:16; Gal 4:30abc (Gen 21:10abc); Js 2:21; AcPlCor 2:29. Also ἐγὼ Φαρισαῖός εἰμι υἱὸς Φαρισαίων Ac 23:6 is prob. a ref. to direct descent. μονογενὴς υἱός (s. μονογενής 1) Lk 7:12. ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρωτότοκος (πρωτότοκος 1) 2:7.

ⓑ the immediate male offspring of an animal (Ps 28:1 υἱοὺς κριῶν; Sir 38:25. So Lat. filius: Columella 6, 37, 4) in our lit. only as foal ἐπὶ πῶλον υἱὸν ὑποζυγίου Mt 21:5 (cp. Zech 9:9 πῶλον νέον).

ⓒ human offspring in an extended line of descent, descendant, son Ἰωσὴφ υἱὸς Δαυίδ Mt 1:20 (cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 73); s. 2dα below. υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ (Ἰσραήλ 1) Mt 27:9; Lk 1:16; Ac 5:21; 7:23, 37; 9:15; 10:36; Ro 9:27; 2 Cor 3:7, 13; Hb 11:22 al.; AcPlCor 2:32. οἱ υἱοὶ Λευί (Num 26:57) Hb 7:5. υἱὸς Ἀβραάμ Lk 19:9. υἱοὶ Ἀδάμ 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). υἱοι Ῥουβήλ GJs 6:3.

ⓓ one who is accepted or legally adopted as a son (Herodian 5, 7, 1; 4; 5; Jos, Ant. 2, 263; 20, 150) Ac 7:21 (cp. Ex 2:10).—J 19:26.

② a pers. related or closely associated as if by ties of sonship, son, transf. sense of 1

ⓐ of a pupil, follower, or one who is otherw. a spiritual son (SIG 1169, 12 οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ θεοῦ=the pupils and helpers [40] of Asclepius; sim. Maximus Tyr. 4, 2c; Just., D. 86, 6 οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν προφητῶν.—Some combination w. παῖδες is the favorite designation for those who are heirs of guild-secrets or who are to perpetuate a skill of some kind: Pla., Rep. 3, 407e, Leg. 6, 769b; Dionys. Hal., Comp. Verbi 22 p. 102, 4 Us./Rdm. ῥητόρων παῖδες; Lucian, Anach. 19, Dial. Mort. 11, 1 Χαλδαίων π.=dream-interpreters, Dips. 5 ἱατρῶν π., Amor. 49; Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 13 σοφῶν π.): the ‘sons’ of the Pharisees Mt 12:27; Lk 11:19. Peter says Μᾶρκος ὁ υἱός μου 1 Pt 5:13 (perh. w. a component of endearment; s. Μᾶρκος). As a familiar form of address by a cherished mentor Hb 12:5 (Pr 3:11; ParJer 5:28; 7:24). υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες B 1:1.

ⓑ of the individual members of a large and coherent group (cp. the υἷες Ἀχαιῶν in Homer; also PsSol 2:3 οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 15; LXX) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου 1 Cl 8:3 (scripture quot. of unknown origin). υἱοὶ γένους Ἀβραάμ Ac 13:26. οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Gen 11:5; Ps 11:2, 9; 44:3; TestLevi 3:10; TestZeb 9:7; GrBar 2:4) the sons of men=humans (cp. dγ below) Mk 3:28; Eph 3:5; 1 Cl 61:2 (of the earthly rulers in contrast to the heavenly king).

ⓒ of one whose identity is defined in terms of a relationship with a person or thing

α. of those who are bound to a personality by close, non-material ties; it is this personality that has promoted the relationship and given it its character: son(s) of: those who believe are υἱοὶ Ἀβραάμ, because Abr. was the first whose relationship to God was based on faith Gal 3:7. In a special sense the devout, believers, are sons of God, i.e., in the light of the social context, people of special status and privilege (cp. PsSol 17:27; Just., D, 124, 1; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 8 ὁ τοῦ Διὸς ὄντως υἱός; Epict. 1, 9, 6; 1, 3, 2; 1, 19, 9; Sextus 58; 60; 135; 376a; Dt 14:1; Ps 28:1; 72:15; Is 43:6 [w. θυγατέρες μου]; 45:11; Wsd 2:18; 5:5; 12:21 al.; Jdth 9:4, 13; Esth 8:12q; 3 Macc 6:28; SibOr 3, 702) Mt 5:45; Lk 6:35; Ro 8:14, 19 (‘Redeemer figures’ EFuchs, Die Freiheit des Glaubens, ’49, 108; against him EHommel in ThViat 4, ’52, 118, n. 26); 9:26 (Hos 2:1); 2 Cor 6:18 (w. θυγατέρες, s. Is 43:6 cited above); Gal 3:26 (cp. PsSol 17:27); 4:6a, 7ab (here the υἱός is the κληρονόμος and his opposite is the δοῦλος); Hb 2:10 (JKögel, Der Sohn u. die Söhne: Eine exeget. Studie zu Hb 2:5–18, 1904); 12:5–8 (in vs. 8 opp. νόθος, q.v.); Rv 21:7; 2 Cl 1:4; B 4:9. Corresp. there are sons of the devil (on this subj. cp. Hdb. on J 8:44) υἱὲ διαβόλου Ac 13:10. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ πονηροῦ (masc.) Mt 13:38b. τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἐν Ἅιδου ApcPt Rainer. In υἱοί ἐστε τῶν φονευσάντων τοὺς προφήτας Mt 23:31 this mng. is prob. to be combined w. sense 1c. The expr. υἱοὶ θεοῦ Mt 5:9 looks to the future (s. Betz, SM ad loc.; cp. KKöhler, StKr 91, 1918, 189f). Lk 20:36a signifies a status akin to that of angels (Ps 88:7; θεῶν παῖδες as heavenly beings: Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a; 12a; 13, 6a.—Hierocles 3, 424 the ἄγγελοι are called θεῶν παῖδες; HWindisch, Friedensbringer-Gottessöhne: ZNW 24, 1925, 240–60, discounts connection w. angels and contends for the elevation of the ordinary followers of Jesus to the status of Alexander the Great in his role as an εἰρηνηποιός [cp. Plut., Mor. 329c]; for measured critique of this view s. Betz, SM 137–42.).

β. υἱός w. gen. of thing, to denote one who shares in it or who is worthy of it, or who stands in some other close relation to it, oft. made clear by the context; this constr. is prob. a Hebraism in the main, but would not appear barbaric (B-D-F §162, 6; Mlt-H. 441; Dssm., B p. 162–66 [BS 161–66]; PASA II 1884, no. 2 υἱὸς πόλεως [time of Nero; on this type of formulation SEG XXXIX, 1864]; IMagnMai 167, 5; 156, 12) οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου (αἰών 2a) Lk 16:8a (opp. οἱ υἱοί τοῦ φωτός vs. 8b); 20:34. τῆς ἀναστάσεως υἱοί (to Mediterranean publics the functional equivalent of ἀθάνατοι ‘immortals’; cp. ἀνάστασις 2b) 20:36b. υἱοὶ τῆς ἀνομίας (ἀνομία 1; cp. CD 6:15) Hv 3, 6, 1; ApcPt 1:3; τῆς ἀπειθείας (s. ἀπείθεια) Eph 2:2; 5:6; Col 3:6; τῆς ἀπωλείας ApcPt 1:2. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας of Judas the informer J 17:12 (cp. similar expressions in Eur., Hec. 425; Menand., Dyscolus 88f: s. FDanker, NTS 7, ’60/61, 94), of the end-time adversary 2 Th 2:3. υἱοὶ τῆς βασιλείας (βασιλεία 1bη; s. SEG XXXIX, 1864 for related expressions) Mt 8:12; 13:38a. υἱοὶ βροντῆς Mk 3:17 (s. Βοανηργές). υἱὸς γεέννης (s. γέεννα) Mt 23:15; τ. διαθήκης (PsSol 17:15) Ac 3:25; εἰρήνης Lk 10:6. υἱοὶ τοῦ νυμφῶνος (s. νυμφών) Mt 9:15; Mk 2:19; Lk 5:34. υἱὸς παρακλήσεως Ac 4:36 (s. Βαρναβᾶς). υἱοὶ (τοῦ) φωτός (Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4 in gnostic speculation) Lk 16:8b (opp. υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου); J 12:36. υἱοὶ φωτός ἐστε καὶ υἱοὶ ἡμέρας 1 Th 5:5 (EBuonaiuti, ‘Figli del giorno e della luce’ [1 Th 5:5]: Rivista storico-critica delle Scienze teol. 6, 1910, 89–93).

ⓓ in various combinations as a designation of the Messiah and a self-designation of Jesus

α. υἱὸς Δαυίδ son of David of the Messiah (PsSol 17:21) Mt 22:42–45; Mk 12:35–37; Lk 20:41–44; B 12:10c. Specif. of Jesus as Messiah Mt 1:1a; 9:27; 12:23; 15:22; 20:30f; 21:9, 15; Mk 10:47f; Lk 18:38f.—WWrede, Jesus als Davidssohn: Vorträge u. Studien 1907, 147–77; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 4, Rel.³ 226f; ELohmeyer, Gottesknecht u. Davidssohn ’45, esp. 68; 72; 77; 84; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 251–56; WMichaelis, Die Davidsohnschaft Jesu usw., in D. histor. Jesus u. d. kerygm. Christus, ed. Ristow and Matthiae, ’61, 317–30; LFisher, ECColwell Festschr. ’68, 82–97.

β. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, υἱὸς θεοῦ (the) Son of God (for the phrase s. JosAs 6:2 al. Ἰωσὴφ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ; there is no undisputed evidence of usage as messianic title in pre-Christian Judaism [s. Dalman, Worte 219–24, Eng. tr. 268–89; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 53f; EHuntress, ‘Son of God’ in Jewish Writings Prior to the Christian Era: JBL 54, ’35, 117–23]; cp. 4Q 246 col. 2, 1 [JFitzmyer, A Wandering Aramean ’79, 90–93; JCollins, BRev IX/3, ’93, 34–38, 57]. Among polytheists on the other hand, sons of the gods in a special sense [s. Just., A I, 21, 1f] are not only known to myth and legend, but definite historical personalities are also designated as such. Among them are famous wise men such as Pythagoras and Plato [HUsener, Das Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 71ff], and deified rulers, above all the Roman emperors since the time of Augustus [oft. in ins and pap: Dssm., B 166f=BS 166f, LO 294f=LAE 346f; Thieme 33]. According to Memnon [I B.C./ I A.D.]: 434 Fgm. 1, 1, 1 Jac., Clearchus [IV B.C.] carried his boasting so far as Διὸς υἱὸν ἑαυτὸν ἀνειπεῖν. Also, persons who were active at that time as prophets and wonder-workers laid claim to the title υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, e.g. the Samaritan Dositheus in Origen, C. Cels. 6, 11; sim. an Indian wise man who calls himself Διὸς υἱός Arrian, Anab. 7, 2, 3; cp. Did., Gen. 213, 18 ὁ Ἀβρὰμ υἱὸς θεοῦ διὰ δικαιοσύνην. S. GWetter, ‘Der Sohn Gottes’ 1916; Hdb. exc. on J 1:34; s. also Clemen² 76ff; ENorden, Die Geburt des Kindes 1924, 75; 91f; 132; 156f; EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 1:11 [4th ed. ’50]; M-JLagrange, Les origines du dogme paulinien de la divinité de Christ: RB 45, ’36, 5–33; HPreisker, Ntl. Zeitgesch. ’37, 187–208; HBraun, ZTK 54, ’57, 353–64; ANock, ‘Son of God’ in Paul. and Hellen. Thought: Gnomon 33, ’61, 581–90 [=Essays on Religion and the Anc. World II, ’72, 928–39]—originality in Paul’s thought): Ps 2:7 is applied to Jesus υἱός μου εἶ σύ, ἐγὼ σήμερον γεγέννηκά σε Lk 3:22 D; GEb 18, 37.—Ac 13:33; Hb 1:5a; 5:5; 1 Cl 36:4. Likew. Hos 11:1 (w. significant changes): Mt 2:15, and 2 Km 7:14: Hb 1:5b. The voice of God calls him ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (s. ἀγαπητός 1) at his baptism Mt 3:17; Mk 1:11; Lk 3:22; GEb 18, 37 and 39 and at the Transfiguration Mt 17:5; Mk 9:7; Lk 9:35 (here ἐκλελεγμένος instead of ἀγαπ.); 2 Pt 1:17. Cp. J 1:34. The angel at the Annunciation uses these expressions in referring to him: υἱὸς ὑψίστου Lk 1:32; GJs 11:3 and υἱὸς θεοῦ Lk 1:35 (Ar. 15, 1 ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου. Cp. Just., A I, 23, 2 μόνος ἰδίως υἱὸς τῷ θεῷ γεγέννηται). The centurion refers to him at the crucifixion as υἱὸς θεοῦ Mt 27:54; Mk 15:39; GPt 11:45; cp. vs. 46 (CMann, ET 20, 1909, 563f; JPobee, The Cry of the Centurion, A Cry of Defeat: CFDMoule Festschr. ’70, 91–102; EJohnson, JSNT 31, ’87, 3–22 [an indefinite affirmation of Jesus]). The high priest asks εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 26:63 (DCatchpole, NTS 17, ’71, 213–26). Passers-by ask him to show that he is God’s Son 27:40; sim. the devil 4:3, 6; Lk 4:3, 9. On the other hand, evil spirits address him as the Son of God Mt 8:29; Mk 3:11; 5:7; Lk 4:41; 8:28; and disciples testify that he is Mt 14:33; 16:16. S. also Mk 1:1 (s. SLegg, Ev. Sec. Marc. ’35).—Jesus also refers to himself as Son of God, though rarely apart fr. the Fourth Gosp.: Mt 28:19 (the Risen Lord in the trinitarian baptismal formula); Mt 21:37f=Mk 12:6 (an allusion in the parable of the vinedressers).—Mt 27:43; Mk 13:32; Rv 2:18. The main pass. is the so-called Johannine verse in the synoptics Mt 11:27=Lk 10:22 (s. PSchmiedel, PM 4, 1900,1–22; FBurkitt, JTS 12, 1911, 296f; HSchumacher, Die Selbstoffenbarung Jesu bei Mt 11:27 [Lk 10:22] 1912 [lit.]; Norden, Agn. Th. 277–308; JWeiss, Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 120–29, Urchristentum 1917, 87ff; Bousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 45ff; EMeyer I 280ff; RBultmann, Gesch. d. synopt. Trad.² ’31, 171f; MDibelius, Die Formgeschichte des Evangeliums² ’33, 259; MRist, Is Mt 11:25–30 a Primitive Baptismal Hymn? JR 15, ’35, 63–77; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi: E. Studie zu Mt 11:25–30, ’37; WDavies, ‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30, HTR 45, ’53, 113–39; WGrundmann, Sohn Gottes, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; JBieneck, Sohn Gottes als Christusbez. der Synopt. ’51; PWinter, Mt 11:27 and Lk 10:22: NovT 1, ’56, 112–48; JJocz, Judaica 13, ’57, 129–42; OMichel/OBetz, Von Gott Gezeugt, Beih. ZNW [Jeremias Festschr.] 26, ’60, 3–23 [Qumran]).—Apart fr. the synoptics, testimony to Jesus as the Son of God is found in many parts of our lit. Oft. in Paul: Ro 1:3, 4, 9; 5:10; 8:3, 29, 32; 1 Cor 1:9; 15:28; 2 Cor 1:19; Gal 1:16; 2:20; 4:4; Eph 4:13; Col 1:13; 1 Th 1:10. Cp. Ac 9:20. In Hb: 1:2, 8; 4:14; 5:8; 6:6; 7:3, 28; 10:29. In greatest frequency in John (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 6 the Λόγος as υἱὸς θεοῦ. Likew. Philo, Agr. 51 πρωτόγονος υἱός, Conf. Lingu. 146 υἱὸς θεοῦ.—Theoph. Ant. 2, 1 [p. 154, 12] ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν καὶ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ; Iren. 3, 12, 2 [Harv. II 55, 2]): J 1:49; 3:16–18 (s. μονογενής 2), 35f; 5:19–26; 6:40; 8:35f; 10:36; 11:4, 27; 14:13; 17:1; 19:7; 20:31; 1J 1:3, 7; 2:22–24; 3:8, 23; 4:9f, 14f; 5:5, 9–13, 20; 2J 3, 9.—B 5:9, 11; 7:2, 9; 12:8; 15:5; Dg 7:4; 9:2, 4; 10:2 (τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ; also ApcEsdr 6:16 p. 31, 22 Tdf.; ApcSed 9:1f); IMg 8:2; ISm 1:1; MPol 17:3; Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 5, 2, 6 (ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀγαπητός); 8; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 2; 3; 5; 5, 6, 1; 2; 4; 7 (on the Christology of the Shepherd s. Dibelius, Hdb. on Hs 5, also ALink and JvWalter [πνεῦμα 5cα]); Hs 8, 3, 2; 8, 11, 1. Cp. 9, 1, 1; 9, 12, 1ff.—In trinitarian formulas, in addition to Mt 28:19, also IMg 13:1; EpilMosq 5; D 7:1, 3.—The deceiver of the world appears w. signs and wonders ὡς υἱὸς θεοῦ D 16:4 (ApcEsdr 4:27 p. 28, 32 Tdf. ὁ λέγων• Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ [of Antichrist]).—EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 16–44; GVos, The Self-disclosure of Jesus 1926.—EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 404–17; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 211–36; MHengel, The Son of God (tr. JBowden) ’76; DJones, The Title υἱὸς θεοῦ in Acts: SBLSP 24, ’85, 451–63.

γ. ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου lit. ‘the son of the man’ (the pl. form οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων appears freq. in the LXX to render בְּנֵי אָדָם = mortals, e.g. Gen 11:5; Ps 10:4; 11:2; cp. ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπολείας J 17:12 [s. 2cβ]) ‘the human being, the human one, the man’ in our lit. only as a byname in ref. to Jesus and in an exclusive sense the Human One, the Human Being, one intimately linked with humanity in its primary aspect of fragility yet transcending it, traditionally rendered ‘the Son of Man.’ The term is found predom. in the gospels, where it occurs in the synoptics about 70 times (about half as oft. if parallels are excluded), and in J 12 times (s. EKlostermann, Hdb. exc. on Mk 8:31). In every case the title is applied by Jesus to himself. Nowhere within a saying or narrative about him is it found in an address to him: Mt 8:20; 9:6; 10:23; 11:19; 12:8, 32, 40; 13:37, 41; 16:13, 27f; 17:9, 12, 22; 18:10 [11] v.l.; 19:28; 20:18, 28; 24:27, 30, 37, 39, 44; 25:13 v.l., 31; 26:2, 24ab, 45, 64; Mk 2:10, 28; 8:31, 38; 9:9, 12, 31; 10:33, 45; 13:26; 14:21ab, 41, 62; Lk 5:24; 6:5, 22; 7:34; 9:22, 26, 44, 56 v.l., 58; 11:30; 12:8, 10, 40; 17:22, 24, 26, 30; 18:8, 31; 19:10; 21:27, 36; 22:22, 48, 69; 24:7.—John (FGrosheide, Υἱὸς τ. ἀνθρ. in het Evang. naar Joh.: TSt 35, 1917, 242–48; HDieckmann, D. Sohn des Menschen im J: Scholastik 2, 1927, 229–47; HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; 31, ’32, 199–204; WMichaelis, TLZ 85, ’60, 561–78 [Jesus’ earthly presence]) 1:51; 3:13, 14; 5:27 (BVawter, Ezekiel and John, CBQ 26, ’64, 450–58); 6:27, 53, 62; 8:28; 9:35; 12:23, 34; 13:31. Whether the component of fragility (suggested by OT usage in ref. to the brief span of human life and the ills to which it falls heir) or high status (suggested by traditions that appear dependent on Da 7:13, which refers to one ‘like a human being’), or a blend of the two dominates a specific occurrence can be determined only by careful exegesis that in addition to extra-biblical traditions takes account of the total literary structure of the document in which it occurs. Much neglected in the discussion is the probability of prophetic association suggested by the form of address Ezk 2:1 al. (like the OT prophet [Ezk 3:4–11] Jesus encounters resistance).—On Israelite thought contemporary w. Jesus and alleged knowledge of a heavenly being looked upon as a ‘Son of Man’ or ‘Man’, who exercises Messianic functions such as judging the world (metaph., pictorial passages in En 46–48; 4 Esdr 13:3, 51f) s. Bousset, Rel.³ 352–55; NMessel, D. Menschensohn in d. Bilderreden d. Hen. 1922; ESjöberg, Kenna 1 Henok och 4 Esra tanken på den lidande Människosonen? Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 163–83, D. Menschensohn im äth. Hen. ’46. This view is in some way connected w. Da 7:13; acc. to some it derives its real content fr. an eschatological tradition that ultimately goes back to Iran (WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 160–223; Reitzenstein, Erlösungsmyst. 119ff, ZNW 20, 1921, 18–22, Mysterienrel.³ 418ff; Clemen² 72ff; CKraeling, Anthropos and Son of Man: A Study in the Religious Syncretism of the Hellenistic Orient 1927); acc. to this tradition the First Man was deified; he will return in the last times and usher in the Kingdom of God.—Outside the gospels: Ac 7:56 (v.l. τοῦ θεοῦ; GKilpatrick, TZ 21, ’65, 209); Rv 1:13; 14:14 (both after Da 7:13; sim. allusion to Da in Just., D. 31, 1). The quot. fr. Ps 8:5 in Hb 2:6 prob. does not belong here, since there is no emphasis laid on υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. In IEph 20:2 Jesus is described as υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου καὶ υἱὸς θεοῦ. Differently B 12:10 Ἰησοῦς, οὐχὶ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀλλὰ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Jesus, not a man’s son, but Son of God.—HLietzmann, Der Menschensohn 1896; Dalman, Worte 191–219 (Eng. tr., 234–67); Wlh., Einl.² 123–30; PFiebig, Der Menschensohn 1901; NSchmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth 1905, 94–134, Recent Study of the Term ‘Son of Man’: JBL 45, 1926, 326–49; FTillmann, Der Menschensohn 1907; EKühl, Das Selbstbewusstsein Jesu 1907, 65ff; HHoltzmann, Das messianische Bewusstsein Jesu, 1907, 49–75 (lit.), Ntl. Theologie² I 1911, 313–35; FBard, D. Sohn d. Menschen 1908; HGottsched, D. Menschensohn 1908; EAbbott, ‘The Son of Man’, etc., 1910; EHertlein, Die Menschensohnfrage im letzten Stadium 1911, ZNW 19, 1920, 46–48; JMoffatt, The Theology of the Gospels 1912, 150–63; WBousset, Kyrios Christos² 1921, 5–22 (the titles of the works by Wernle and Althaus opposing his first edition [1913], as well as Bousset’s answer, are found s.v. κύριος, end); DVölter, Jesus der Menschensohn 1914, Die Menschensohnfrage neu untersucht 1916; FSchulthess, ZNW 21, 1922, 247–50; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919 (see also the works by the same author referred to above in this entry); EMeyer II 335ff; HGressmann, ZKG n.s. 4, 1922, 170ff, D. Messias 1929, 341ff; GDupont, Le Fils d’Homme 1924; APeake, The Messiah and the Son of Man 1924; MWagner, Der Menschensohn: NKZ 36, 1925, 245–78; Guillaume Baldensperger, Le Fils d’Homme: RHPR 5, 1925, 262–73; WBleibtreu, Jesu Selbstbez. als der Menschensohn: StKr 98/99, 1926, 164–211; AvGall, Βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ 1926; OProcksch, D. Menschensohn als Gottessohn: Christentum u. Wissensch. 3, 1927, 425–43; 473–81; CMontefiore, The Synoptic Gospels² 1927 I 64–80; ROtto, Reich Gottes u. Menschensohn ’34, Eng. tr. The Kgdm. of God and the Son of Man, tr. Filson and Woolf² ’43; EWechssler, Hellas im Ev. ’36, 332ff; PParker, The Mng. of ‘Son of Man’: JBL 60, ’41, 151–57; HSharman, Son of Man and Kingdom of God ’43; JCampbell, The Origin and Mng. of the Term Son of Man: JTS 48, ’47, 145–55; HRiesenfeld, Jésus Transfiguré ’47, 307–13 (survey and lit.); TManson, ConNeot 11, ’47, 138–46 (Son of Man=Jesus and his disciples in Mk 2:27f); GDuncan, Jesus, Son of Man ’47, 135–53 (survey); JBowman, ET 59, ’47/48, 283–88 (background); MBlack, ET 60, ’48f, 11–15; 32–36; GKnight, Fr. Moses to Paul ’49, 163–72 (survey); TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 237–50; TManson (Da, En and gospels), BJRL 32, ’50, 171–93; TPreiss, Le Fils d’Homme: ÉThR 26/3, ’51, Life in Christ, ’54, 43–60; SMowinckel, He That Cometh, tr. Anderson, ’54, 346–450; GIber, Überlieferungsgesch. Unters. z. Begriff des Menschensohnes im NT, diss. Heidelb. ’53; ESjöberg, D. verborgene Menschensohn in den Ev. ’55; WGrundmann, ZNW 47, ’56, 113–33; HRiesenfeld, The Mythological Backgrd. of NT Christology, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 81–95; PhVielhauer, Gottesreich u. Menschensohn in d. Verk. Jesu, GDehn Festschr. ’57, 51–79; ESidebottom, The Son of Man in J, ET 68, ’57, 231–35; 280–83; AHiggins, Son of Man- Forschung since (Manson’s) ‘The Teaching of Jesus’: NT Essays (TW Manson memorial vol.) ’59, 119–35; HTödt, D. Menschensohn in d. synopt. Überl. ’59 (tr. Barton ’65); JMuilenburg, JBL 79, ’60, 197–209 (Da, En); ESchweizer, JBL 79, ’60, 119–29 and NTS 9, ’63, 256–61; BvIersel, ‘Der Sohn’ in den synopt. Jesusworten, ’61 (community?); MBlack, BJRL 45, ’63, 305–18; FBorsch, ATR 45, ’63, 174–90; AHiggins, Jesus and the Son of Man, ’64; RFormesyn, NovT 8, ’66, 1–35 (barnasha=‘I’); SSandmel, HSilver Festschr. ’63, 355–67; JJeremias, Die älteste Schicht der Menschensohn-Logien, ZNW 58, ’67, 159–72; GVermes, MBlack, Aram. Approach³, ’67, 310–30; BLindars, The New Look on the Son of Man: BJRL 63, ’81, 437–62; WWalker, The Son of Man, Some Recent Developments CBQ 45, ’83, 584–607; JDonahue, Recent Studies on the Origin of ‘Son of Man’ in the Gospels, CBQ 48, ’86, 584–607; DBurkitt, The Nontitular Son of Man, A History and Critique: NTS 40, ’94 504–21 (lit.); JEllington, BT 40, ’89, 201–8; RGordon, Anthropos: 108–13.—B. 105; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

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All the calf histones show close kinship [or are closely related ( to each other)] (биол.).

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All the calf histones show close kinship [or are closely related ( to each other)] (биол.).